COUNSELLING NOTES BY CKR: March 2023

DAC- DILOMA IN APPLIED COUNSELLING

HINTS ABOUT COURSE - 1 YEAR ; EXAM-2 sems; sem-1 exam - June July; sem 2 exam- jan feb ; exam -qns -All Descriptive ; NO MCQs; Model of a question paper given below

36 credits , 8 courses . project , internship , supervised clinical sessions .

2 assignments for each module-15 sessions, 3 case studies ,

CLASS NOTES

MODULE 1- PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

USHAJ SIR ...Ph 9496656566 presented a class on Introduction to Psychology.

V A K T MATERIALS USED : SLIDE PRESENATION

Activities used (1) icebreaking- get familiarised with as many people as possible and report on them on at least 4 items such as name, place , present job, any other interesting topic -5 minutes

(2) Group activity : naming the group, prior reading the text ,discussion and making a presentation

(3) Reference reading and notemaking on different approaches of psychology-individual activity

Main ideas discussed-

UNIT 1 / MODULE 1

1.Definition of psychology and its evolution

Science that examines peoples mental processes , experieces and behaviou in different contexts

roots from greek psychology- psyche സൈക്കി -soul ; logos- knowledge ;

2.History of Psychology,

Psychology has roots in philosophy.

(1) Structuralism : Experimental lab( additional collection by CKR- Wundt is credited with conducting the first formal experiment in psychology, where he tried to assess the speed of thought by measuring how long it took test subjects to make a judgment. He measured the discrepancy between the actual and perceived position of a pendulum swing and inferred that these numbers represented the speed of thought. This might not sound impressive now, but at the time it was a pretty creative idea.) , leipzig ,Germany in 1879- Wilhelm Wundt- Structuralism- introspection to analyse mental architecture - not accepted by many-reason :the introspective accounts could not be checked by third parties- less scientific( This part was not mentioned / stressed in the class /in the slide )

Addl notes by CKR :Wundt said that consciousness holds only a single thought and a single perception.Eg- 1.counting and walking ; 2. multitasking .... possible ?

(2) Functionalism : WILLIAM JAMES-psycho lab in Cambridge- concentate on what the mind does and how behaviour affects , how peole interact with their surroundings .

HUMAN BEINGS CAN ALTER THEIR LIVES BY ALTERING THEIR ATTITUDE OF MINDS

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY- Opposite to Wundt's structuralism- organisation of perpetual experiences

PAVLOV'S WORK ON CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

(3) Behaviourism : 1910- JOHN WATSON- influenced by Pavlov.......against structuralism ........PSYCHOLOGY IS NOT THE STUDY OF MIND AND CONSCIOUSNESS BUT IT IS........the measurement and objective study of beaviour / responses to stimuli

(4) Sigmund Freud : PSYCHOANALYSIS as a treatment procedure .... human behaviour is a dynamic expression of unconscious desires and conflicts......

(5) ABRAHAM MASLOW AND CARL ROGERS : HUMANISM- highlights the free will of people and their inherent desire to develop and realise their full potential.. opposes behaviourism which says behaviour is influenced by environment

The approaches , goals and methods in psychology incorporates all these ideas.

3.Goals of psychology : DEPC : DESCRIBE....aims to distuingush between typical and atypical behaviour; gain more understanding of human and animal behaviour and thoughts.

,EXPLAIN .... why people react to certain stimulai in certain ways ? how various factors impact personalities and mental health

,PREDICT - predict how humans / animals/ will think and act based on previous observed behaviour

AND

CONTROL-..to make positive ,constructive. meaningful and lasting changes in lives, and influence the lives for better.....

4.Different approaches of psychology.

General approach : 1.start with a hypothesis or idea and 2. test ....empirical ( experimental and observed research)

Nueurobiological--studies relationship between what happens in the mind and what happens in the body .......Thoughts and feelings result from the actions of nerves and the nervous system in the body.....

Behavioural- J B Watson- study of stimus and its response - exclusive focus on the study of behaviour : specially used for studying the process of learning and reducing phobias

Cognitive - WHAT happens between stimulai and response- actively process information in their brains before responding to the information-application in improving the performance of air traffic controllers-

Psychoanalytical-focusses on unconscious mental activities -behaviour is shaped by unconscious impulses beyond the individual's control.

Phenomenological ( humanistic psychology) - rejects the view that the individual is a passive result of uncontrollable forces.- person centred- the individul is a free agent with the ability to choose his or her values, actions and goals.

Ecletic - incorporating the aspects of several theories into their approach.

5.KEY ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY

A. FREE WILL VERSUS DETERMINISM

- How much behaviour can be attributed to choice , how much to genetic programming ?

- If human behaviour is not governed by constant , predictable and provable factors , can it be studied through experimentation and observation ?

B. NATURE vs NURTURE- BIOLOGICAL FACTORS and Environmental influences are to be investigated

6.Branches of psychology :

cognitive psychology -bilogical psychology-neuropsychology-developmental psychology-social psychology-cross cultural and cultural psychology-environmntal psychology- health psychology -clinical and counselling psychology-industrial psychology-educational psychology-school psychology-sports psychology- .......

Psychiatrist-

has a medical degree with years of specialised training in the treatment of psychological disorders.,can prescribe medicationa and give electroshock treatments if required.-handles deeply severe problems of anxiety, deprsssion,eating disorders and chronic substance abuse

Clinical psychologist

- has a degree in psychology which includes intensive training in treating people with psychological disorders, can not prescribe medications or electroshock treatments.-handles severe problems of anxiety, deprsssion,eating disorders and chronic substance abuse

Counsellor/ Counselling psychologist :

- handles less severe problems of anxiety, deprsssion,eating disorders and chronic substance abuse ,can not prescribe medications or electroshock treatments.

helps to improve every day functioning by helping people solve problems in daily life and cope more effectively with challeging situations

A counsellor helps you figure out and organise your problems and come up with healthy solutions to solve them. They work well with addressing issues you are currently facing so you can move forward to a better future.
Do not have the same extensive educational requirements or clinical licensing as other forms of therapy

IDEAS which were not detailed /rushed through

-branches of psychology and psychology in daily life

Commendable Areas in transaction : (1) The class was activity oriented and challenging to the learners (2) Ample time was utilised for interaction and ice breaking (3) Use of slide presentation was helpful(4) Discourses of different types -written and oral were solicited as learner output (5) Great effort was taken to grab and sustain the attention of each learner (6) Care was given to explain the unfamiliar terms in the text in detail.

Areas for teacher improvement :AVAILABLE ONLY FOR SELECTED READERS

ADDL NOTES BY CKR

William James -Addl Notes

Purkinje's work with humans, coupled with Flourens's observations in birds, seemed to suggest, as James reported in 1881, "that the semicircular canals of the internal ear have nothing to do with the function of hearing, but are organs of a special sense hitherto unrecognized as such." James reasoned that if this were true, "deaf-mutes" with damage to the inner ear might not be susceptible to vertigo.

To test this hypothesis, he initiated a study of dizziness in Harvard students and in deaf individuals. Participants closed their eyes and sat on a swing that was rotated until its ropes were tightly twisted together. After the swing ropes were allowed to rapidly unwind, the experimenter asked the participants to open their eyes and try to walk a straight line.

Of the 200 Harvard students and instructors, only one did not experience dizziness. But of the 519 deaf children, a majority reported only slight dizziness or none at all. James reported some preliminary results of the study in 1881 in the Harvard University Bulletin. The following year, he published his complete findings in the American Journal of Otology, acknowledging that more thorough research was needed and "in the hope that some one [sic] with better opportunities may carry on the work."

DISCUSSION OF EXAM QUESTIONS FROM THIS CHAPTER

QUESTION PAPER 2021 -

1.What are the various schools of psychology ?

2.Expalin the meaning and scope of psychology.

ADDL INFO : PROVIDED BY DOCTOR DAYA, TRAINEE@DAC

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